Federal Reserve System and Monetary Policy - 1263 Words

Federal Reserve System and Monetary policy Amir Jahangir Federal Reserve System and Monetary policy Introduction United States Federal Reserve system, also known as Federal Reserve or simply â€Å"Fed† is the United States central banking system. The Federal Reserve took inception in 1913, after the adoption of the Federal Reserve Act. The United States Congress has mandated three macroeconomic objectives to the Federal Reserve. These are minimum levels of unemployment, prices stability and keeping in check the rates of interests. Over the years, the role of Federal Reserve has expanded. It now formulates the country’s monetary policies, conducts supervision and regulation of the banking institutions, maintenance of the financial†¦show more content†¦The purpose of its creation was pretty straight-forward, that is, to prevent failures in banking (Meltzer Allan, 2010). During the time of its inception, the United States had gone through a vicious banking crisis in 1907. The crisis gained importance as it was observed how Knickerbockers Trust failed to receive support from its peers, even after voluntarily seeking for it. It ultimately faced collapse due to failure in receiving support. This also had a significant influence on the psychology of the public as the peers of Knickerbockers apart from not recuing it, also cancelled payments to each other. The New York Stock Exchange collapsed by fifty per cent until liquidity was injected by the initiatives of financier J.P. Morgan which then relieved the situation to some extent. The legislators then in response vehemently advocated putting in place a central banking system, which would be able to provide liquidity in the case of a wholesale downfall. It can be said with hindsight that the machinery back then used to be very sophisticated. The Wall Street Journal also published a comprehensive fourteen-part series which emphasized on the need for a central banking system. The idea received further endorsements from the public groups and trade organizations. Hence the Federal Reserve was born . It was meant to be a politically autonomous institution that would provide stability to the financial system, protect theShow MoreRelatedMonetary Policy Of The Federal Reserve System1187 Words   |  5 Pagescentral bank called the Federal Reserve System. The tope covered in this paper is the monetary policy which is the policy that decides if unemployment, interest, and inflation decreases or increases. The Monetary policy decides what price a person pays for an item at the store, how much interest a person will get charged on a loan for a car. This is something most people consider, most just look for the best price point or look where their money can go the farthest. Monetary policy consists of specificRead MoreThe Federal Reserve System And U.s. Monetary Policy1344 Words   |  6 PagesThis report discusses the association between the Federal Reserve System and U.S. Monetary Policy. It mentions that the government can finance war through money printing, debt, and raising taxes. It affirms that The Federal Reserve is not a government entity but an independent one. It supports that the Federal Reserve’s policies are the root cause of boom and bust cycles. It confirms that the FED’s money printing causes inflation and loss of wealth for United States citizens. It affirms thatRead MoreMonetary Policy Provided By Federal Reserve System1752 Words   |  8 Pages â€Æ' Macroeconomic sentiment Over the past couple of years we have seen a huge surge in stock markets (Chart#1). The main reason for such moves is Quantitative Easing monetary policy provided by Federal Reserve System since late 2008. Purchases were halted on 29 October 2014 after accumulating $4.5 trillion in assets or 26% of GDP. The key outlook is tend to be consumer behavior, because households’ spending represents two thirds of GDP, which is broadest measure of economic activity. The job marketRead MoreThe Federal Reserve System Is The United States Central Bank1339 Words   |  6 PagesHill Macroeconomics Professor Gislason 27 April 2017 The Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System, also called â€Å"the FED†, is the United States central bank, a national institution which governs the production and distribution of money. It was created to provide the United States with a more secure and more stable financial structure. The Federal Reserve System has many responsibilities today. First, the FED controls U.S. monetary policy by altering the supply and demand of the economy in orderRead MoreThe US Federal Reserves Monetary Policy916 Words   |  4 PagesU.S. Federal Reserves Monetary Policy The nations monetary policy is set up by the Federal Reserve in order to support the aims and objectives of better employment, stable prices and a suitable and logical long term interest rates. One of the main challenges that are faced by policy makers is the stress among the aims and objectives that can occur in the short term and the fact that information regarding the economy becomes delayed and can be inaccurate (Monetary). The Federal Reserve Act laysRead MoreFederal Reserve Operations And Market Impact798 Words   |  4 PagesFederal Reserve Operations and Market Impact In order for the Federal Reserve to fulfill their goal of moderate long term interest rates, stable prices and maximum employment, they rely on developing strategic changes to the monetary policy. Through monetary policy changes, the Federal Reserve can either restrict or encourage economic growth and inflation, thereby molding the macroeconomy into a state of consistent health. Overall, there are three tools used to modify the monetary policy, theyRead MoreMonetary Policy Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesMonetary Policy in the United States Abstract The role of government in the American economy goes past just being a regulator for specific industries. There are two main tools for achieving these objectives: fiscal policy and monetary policy. The Federal Reserve sets the nations monetary policy to promote the objectives of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. Monetary Policy in the United States Monetary policy is the government or centralRead MoreFiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, and a Healthy Gross Domestic Product1716 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic Health/Fiscal Policies and Federal Reserve/Monetary Policies Paper Understanding Gross Domestic product is central for understanding the business cycle and the progression of long-run economic growth (Hubbard O’Brien, 2011, p. 631). The GDP is defined as the value-added of all goods and services produced in a given period of time within the United States (2008). The GDP is widely used as an gauge economic wellness and health of the country. What the GDP represents has a hefty impactRead MoreThe Federal Reserve House The Board Of Governors913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Federal System The Federal Reserve house the Board of Governors, The Federal Reserve Banks, The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), and Advisory Committees. The Federal Reserve Bank is directed by the Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board, which is located in Washington D.C. The Board of governors is the national aspect of the Federal Reserve System and consists of nine board of directors which are appointed by the President serve a fourteen year term. The Chairman and Vice ChairmanRead MoreComparison of Us and Uk Banking Systems825 Words   |  4 Pagescentral banking systems of their own. The United States is one of these nations. The two nations have many similar banking objective and strategies on how to best achieve the objectives. These nations also differ greatly in some aspects of their banking philosophies. The currencies of both nations are strongly held around the world. Their monetary policies and bank regulations differ in some aspects, but both nations banking systems are he ld to high esteem worldwide. The banking systems of the United

American Anticommunism During the Cold War Essay - 926 Words

Subsequent to the conclusion of the treacherous Second World War, America prepared itself for a period of peace. This peacetime was short-lived, as America’s tolerance for communism receded this issue became the forefront for American concern. The United States of America, also referred to as the USA or US, regarded communism as a strategic threat due to its hostility to private property and free markets, policies that many Americans associate directly to political freedom. Throughout the intense period in history identified as the Cold War, America’s attention was, for the most part, politically and economically occupied by the threat of global left wing expansion and methods aimed†¦show more content†¦In his speech to congress on the twelfth of March 1947, Truman specifically called for four hundred million dollars in financial aid to be delivered to Greece and Turkey, both of which he suspected were threatened by a possible communist invasion. Cowie, a well-noted author, considers Truman’s speech to be the trigger for the transition of the Cold War from a temporary state to a permanent quarrel as it directly states America’s aggressive approach towards communist countries. Congress responded to Truman’s appeal by allocating the required funds along with US troops to administer the reconstruction. In an extract from Truman’s address America’s adoption of the dominant role in the anticommunist conflict is evident. â€Å"The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach full growth when the hope of the people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive.† The Marshal Plan was also established upon similar principles. The American Secretary of State George C. Marshal produced the Marshal Plan, or European Recovery Program in 1947, aspiring towards the rehabilitation of European nations devastated by the war. Highly regarded authors, Theodore Wilson,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Elaine Tyler May’s Homeward Bound1175 Words   |  5 PagesBound weaves two traditional narratives of the fifties -- suburban domesticity and rampant anticommunism -- into one compelling historical argument. Aiming to ascertain why, unlike both their parents and children, postwar Americans turned to marriage and parenthood with such enthusiasm and commitment, May discovers that cold war ideology and the domestic revival [were] two sides of the same coin: postwar Americans intense need to feel liberated from the past and secure in the future. (May, p. 5-6, 10)Read MoreCommunism And The United States Essay1963 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dictatorship afte r World War II. The horrified cognition of communism gets the Americans into panic, while the local government worries that the communist power would take over the United States. In response to the Red Scare was spread in the United States during 20th century, when the power of communists were getting increasingly stronger all over the world. In a way, the fear is tightly bound up with the political decision and the radical changes of the American thoughts. As a leading progenitorRead More American Anticommunism and the Cold War Essay2217 Words   |  9 Pages American anticommunism stems from a history of fear, and want of control over individuals, and groups of people who are defined as â€Å"others†. In this case â€Å"others†, is a term attributed to American citizens who were a part of, or held any relation or affiliation with the American Communist Party. Before them, it was immigrants; and before them it was African Americans, and Native Americans (Schrecker, 13). This fear and want of control over the American Communist Party, which immediately startedRead MoreThe Cold War Era During World War II1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War Era that followed th e end of World War II was unlike any Americans had seen before. After defeating Germany and its allies in the war, the United States faced a change on the home front: young Americans rushed into marriage and parenthood in unprecedented numbers. In Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, Elaine Tyler May describes these changes from the end of the war through the early 1960s. The author makes a compelling range of arguments about the changes that affectedRead MoreThe Cold War Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pages When one hears the common phrase, â€Å"The only good commie is a dead one,† the Cold War comes to mind. This war, cold because of no direct violence towards each country, was a major contribution to future wartime diplomacy. The clever Americans used many tactics to create a â€Å"cold† war that would benefit them in every aspect. The fear of communism consuming smaller countries exaggerated the possibility that America’s economy could be jeopardized. Politicians also helped guarantee anti-communistRead MoreThe Age Of Mccarthyism By Joseph Mccarthy1151 Words   |  5 Pagessubversives’ instilled fear and anxiety among Americans. This was exacerbated by the anxiety associated with the concerns of an escalating Cold War. McCarthy was motivated by his political ambition and thus used the anti-communist crusade as a scapegoat, to benefit his political career. It became increasingly apparent that the accusations were made against innocent individuals. Despite resorting to sensationalism and eventually lies to exploit American fears of a growing undercurrent of SocialistRead MoreAmerican Anti Communism : Combating The Enemy Within890 Words   |  4 Pagesreading American Anti-Communism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830-1970 by M.J. Heale to watching Civilization (1916) and The Great Dictator (1940), I was able to identify a major comparison amongst all three that even through the economic chaos, peace is the solu tion. Although, they all were published in different years, I was able to analyze that each films and book illustrated that war never has a positive outcome. Wars last for years and usually results to the death of many. In American Anti-CommunismRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The War Of Las Vegas Nevada 914 Words   |  4 PagesLudmilla, Drago s wife, calls the United States an â€Å"antagonistic and violent government† that makes â€Å"threats of violence† to her husband and Koloff, the head trainer, comments that American society has become â€Å"pathetic and weak.† The Soviets insist on a rematch in Russia with Balboa as the antagonist. Angered by Drago’s cold indifference over Creed’s death, Balboa decides to avenge his friend, defend his country’s honor, and fight Drago in the Soviet Union in an unsanctioned fifteen round bout on ChristmasRead MoreThe Cold War Summarized Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing the Second World War is known as the Cold War. This period was full of tension and fear that the United States and the USSR would destroy each other and the world with their arsenals of atomic weapons. The seeds of this rivalry were planted nearly a quarter of a century before its actual commencement with the Revolution of 1918 in Russia. The Cold War Rivalry would manifest itself in everything from sports in Olympic competition to science and the Space Race. The Cold War did not only take placeRead MoreEssay on McCarthyism and the Conservative Political Climate of Today6203 Words   |  25 Pagesyears, the words quot;McCarthyquot; and quot;McCarthyismquot; have stood for a shameful period in American political history. During this period, thousands of people lost their jobs and hundreds were sent to prison. The U.S. government executed Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, two Communist Party (CP) members, as Russian spies. All of these people were victims of McCarthyism, the witch-hunt during the 1940s and 19 50s against Communists and other leftists, trade unionists and civil rights activists

Bereavement of the Lion Keeper free essay sample

What are your thoughts and feelings as you read this poem, and how do the words of the poem make you respond in this way? The poem the ‘Bereavement of the Lion-Keeper’ explores the intensity and intimacy of a relationship between a lion and his keeper while also portraying the challenges of dealing with death and abandonment. The keeper faces a transition in his identity following his lion’s death, a sense of abandonment and an unwelcoming and cold world outside of his comforts with the lion. The poet explores the intensity and closeness of the keeper and lion’s relationship throughout the poem while portraying the respect the keeper has for the animal. The egalitarian relationship of keeper and animal comes through clearly in the line ‘just keepers and captives’. The alliteration of the words ‘keepers’ and ‘captives’ displays the equality between the two characters, portraying them as companions rather than dependents. This is the first idea introduced in the poem and is clearly emphasized in the first line itself ‘Who stayed, long after his pay stopped’. The line highlights the way the keeper regards the lion as more than part of his job and develops a very close bond and attachment to it. Through writing of the small detail and attention with which the keeper attends to the lion’s needs, the poet portrays the extent of the relationship between the characters as seen in the line ‘cut it small to feed him, since his teeth were gone. The simplicity of the statement ‘teeth were gone’ not only shows the lion’s ageing but also insinuates that the keeper does not want to face the reality of the situation and almost skims over the fact that his lion is growing old. Furthermore, we see how ironically, the keeper treats his lion like a baby while he is dying. Not only does the poet convey the intimate relationship of the characters, he also displays the way it forms the keeper’s identity. The poet portrays the lion and the keeper as one entity through the line ‘growing old together’ displaying the companionship and intimacy between the two characters. Because of this, when the lion dies, the keeper loses this sense of belonging and homeliness, becoming an ‘old man’ in the last stanza of the poem in contrast to the ‘lion-keeper’ in the title. The word ‘who’ appears as the first word of each stanza symbolizing the emptiness of the keeper’s identity while he transitions from ‘keeper’ to ‘old man’. We also see how the poem changes from past to present tense in the final stanza signalling the keeper’s sudden realization that he is alone and pulling him back from his comforting memories with the lion. Furthermore, the poet suggests the lion will always be a significant part of the keeper’s life through the final line of the poem where the keeper sees himself ‘without a lion. ’ This line represents the keeper’s unwavering devotion to the lion, as he continues to link himself and his life to the creature even when it is dead. The poet heightens this sense of a loss of identity and comfort by portraying the world outside of the zoo as evil and suggesting the keeper has been abandoned. The poet portrays the outside world as cold and unwelcoming through the fact that the keeper ‘begged for meat in the market-place’. The word ‘begged’ insinuates he is inferior to the outside world while the alliteration in the line juxtaposes the noise and activity of a market place through the soothing ‘m’ sounds which parallel to the comfort of the keeper’s inner world with the lion. We see alliteration signalling the affection of lion and keeper again through the phrase ‘curled close to him wrapped in his warmth’. The similarity of sounds in the line represents the closeness of the relationship while also giving it a pleasant and peaceful feel. However, this is contrasted with the ‘bombs [falling]’ outside, again contrasting the tranquillity of the keeper’s world with the lion to the chaos and danger of the separate world outside. The poet also uses hot and cold imagery to portray this difference. The warmth of the lion is juxtaposed with the way the man ‘walk[s] out of sunlight’ in the final stanza after the lion has died. This again symbolizes the man walking out of his comfort into the inhospitality of the city. The lack of description of the city suggests it is unwelcoming and one is unable to ‘belong’. The poet also uses stanzas to shift between the keeper’s inner and outer world alternating between the two with each stanza. The abandonment of the keeper and the coldness of the outside world sustain a powerful message for the reader regarding the attachment and selflessness we have for loved ones as well as the inevitability of death. The line ‘elderly lions were not immortal†¦ it was bound to happen’ portrays the lack of control we have over death. The pronoun ‘it’ signifies the ambiguity of death; however, the use of the word ‘immortal’ encourages positivity by merely looking at death as the alternative to immortality rather than as something of despair and loneliness. The poet also arouses compassion and sympathy in the reader through his portrayal of the intimate and unique relationship between lion and keeper through the lines ‘who knows no way to let go of love’. The phrase suggests the keeper must deal with much more than the death of a creature; he must learn to release his attachment to the strong bond between himself and his lion. In this poem, the poet explores the struggles of a lion-keeper dealing with his burden of attachment to his lion once it has passed away. The poet portrays an extremely close and affectionate relationship between the two creatures, one that far surpasses what a lion-keeper’s job entails. The lion-keeper must struggle with losing this bond and hence losing his identity only to be faced by a cold, inhospitable world in contrast to the warmth and comfort within the zoo. The poet sustains these powerful emotions of devotion, loneliness and abandonment to leave the reader with the realization of the inevitability of the death and the power of strong relationships.

Tips for Your Thesis Statement on Immigrants

With an estimated 2.2 million penal population in the US, were looking at 25% of the total prison population. What could possibly be done? More than a third of all 30-year old jobless men are either serving a prison sentence, ex-convicts or in a local jail. The post-incarceration life for most individuals is composed of total hardship; no employment facility is looking to give you a job ad if at all you find work, a basic pay of less than $10,000 a year with a full time job is what you live for. Its so evident that poverty, age and incarceration go hand in hand. By assisting the children born in poverty stricken families, theres a great chance of reducing the incarceration rates and better yet improve the labor outcomes for the society. Theirs is some great correlation between some of the harsh conditions children are brought up into and later incarceration. A good way to help the ex-convicts would be to get them well paying jobs based on their skill and man power; at least this can help some of the challenges individuals face long before incarceration. This could mean the government setting aside committees that will come up with working policies that look into addressing the issues of racism, geographical poverty, and may be this can help reduce the crime rates and eventual reduction in mass incarceration. Statements on Immigrants These statements present themselves in various forms, and it all depends on the instructor, your discipline of study, and what the instructions expect of you. Despite this, a thesis statement on immigrants, despite being based on different subjects related to immigration would serve one overall purpose of forming the ground of your text, more like a foundation for a story building would do. Another thing is that a thesis statement for immigrants would also create the field for discussions that the whole immigrants paper would take, therefore, going for strong immigrants thesis statement would be a good idea when it comes to this. You wont be able to pose a significant and winning discussion on immigration without including the immigrants thesis statement for that wouldnt count. It wont even make it to debate for theres no guide to what people will bes discussing on. Judging from the above information, its so evident that these statements on immigration play quite a significant role in determining the overall outcome of the whole project and therefore vital considerations ought to be made for you to come up with something interesting. Lets now move forward to the next step and see what you need for your thesis about immigrants. What does the thesis statement mean to you? Theres so much that one could think of and yet not address the asked question. Youll come across thesis statements in your time in college whenever youre dealing with research papers and essays. However, for some students, they find it hard coming up with a good thesis statement, and thats why we are here. Weve gone an extra mile to fetch and sieve the necessary information to give you, useful tips that will assist you in gaining a better understanding of what youre required to do and hence give you a better chance of doing well in your immigrants paper. What do you need to know? You need to know at least everything there is to know, however for this article weve narrowed down our focus to the most basic information that you cant survive minus. Here, well be addressing the thesis statement for immigrants that youll be expected to write as part of your introductory paragraph. Its just an active sentence that is written by the end of the introductory paragraph that functions to give ground for the whole paper. Youll have done your research and come up with different opinions on immigrants that youd wish to put across to your readers. Some of this information is connected while others are contradicting. A thesis statement for disability will, therefore, work towards bringing out your message clearly through linking the ideas and supportive information you have into one sentence that will guide your readers towards the focus of your paper. A strong thesis about immigrants should be independent enough to link the ideas and stance you settle for in a much convincing way that will persuade your readers into appreciating your angle of view. Take Note! Schools are now embracing the social aspect of persuasion in college papers as part of assessing your research and presentation skill. What you go through in your day-to-day activities. Its for this reason that they use the academic approach to come up with criteria of gauging some of the students social skills. From where you stand can you be able to come up with different ideas from different topics assigned to you, do proper and extensive research and at the end of it all come up with presenting a project that will win the minds of many? This will be a step into getting the whole concept of what thesis statements are. Thesis statements for research papers are all about the assessment of skills about research and information presentation. You have the information with you, and now the great challenge comes in when youre set to present them, how can you do this. Some writers have something beautiful to share with their readers, but they lack the skill to give it, and this spoils everything. We ought to borrow this practical skill from our daily activities, just this time around do it in written form. Thesis Statement for Immigrants Format These college papers have some form of format theyre required to follow when writing the essay. There are specific patterns to be developed. It all depends on the discipline, like in this case were talking about immigrants; this would use the APA format. Others would use the MLA format for their writing process. These formats are based on the word spacing, the fonts used, how you structure the titles and topics, and so on. Frequently, writers begin with the introduction, which is generally some little information based on the subject in question, after which theyll move to the body of the immigrants paper. Here at the body text, its all about supporting the opinions and ideas you mentioned in the thesis statement for immigrants. The thesis statement now comes in as part of the introduction section. When writing the introductory paragraph, just by the conclusion, youll place the immigrants thesis statement. Composing the Thesis Statement on Immigrants The instructions are already there, and youre required to come up with a thesis statement about immigrants. Some students will be quick to rush to the hands-on library start working on the thesis statement about immigrants. Youre probably rushing to save on time, or maybe you have other more pressing issues youd wish to attend to besides writing. Do not be quick to work and submit your work, careful and strategic planning of your work on statements about immigrants is essential. Remember, if you fail at the thesis statement level, even the rest of the paper would be a shit load of work, and we both dont want you to be in such a position. To help you out with that, below are some insights that will help you with composing a thesis statement for immigrants. The Thesis for Immigrants Clauses When composing a thesis statement, we have two sections of the sentence that you need to ensure that theyve been adequately captured and wrote conventionally. They are the two clauses, both depending on each other to put across the message. One functions to give your declaration and the other works to support it with some information to back the announcements made. The thesis statement is the foundation of the whole paper on immigrants. Controls the content of the immigrants paper. Guide Your Readers Your working on the thesis statement for immigrants and all you can think of is what your readers will imagine of the sentence. Toe on the safe side of their thoughts on your paper, good practice would be to ensure to adhere to all the rules of writing and structuring a thesis statement about immigrants. The number one being, keep your work in order. Theres not a complete turn off to readers like that of a task which is not organized. It shows total disregard for whatever youre doing. You could be working on either an argumentative or informative thesis statement on immigrants, but whichever the case, you ought to organize your work in a reasonable manner that will offer guidance to your reader and not confuse. Yes, you have strong points to put across, what will matter is now how youll be able to relay your information. The moment the reader goes through the thesis statement for immigrants, they ought to be in a position to predict the outcome of the paper and even better imagine possible conclusions based on the original sentence thesis about immigrants. Beware of this! Backing Information for the Immigrants Thesis Remember, youre not just writing, but youre writing to persuade. In your statements about immigrants, you mentioned what you think of the subject in question and the position you took on the matter. Be in an informative or persuasive role; at the end of the day, your readers need to be satisfied and confident that what youve told them is correct. An excellent way to ensure you effectively achieve this is to come up with shreds of evidence that will shoulder the mentioned claims. You need to prove that what youre saying is the case and that if only individuals could embrace, and then it would offer solutions to some of the issues facing immigrants. Your information sources also matter the most. Be it either a primary or secondary source of information. It ought to have been credited as a substantial source that can be relied on. An excellent way to keep off some of the unreliable sources would be to stick to information sources that are up to date, and that would not distort what you intend to present. The information presentation process also needs to be spiced up a little. Dont be too formal or too severe until you end up missing on the critical aspect of the thesis about immigrants writing, which in this case is being persuasive. For one to be adequately convincing, you need to chip in some catchy phrases and not just plainly stating facts. Understand your audience and know how you can get to them at a personal level. You could scour the web and research on some of the convincing approaches a writer would use when crafting their thesis statement for immigrants. This would be of great help. Practice what you read! Draft an Outline for the Immigrants Thesis Wed recommend one to have an outline as part of their preparation. Thesis statement for immigrants research paper outline is also considered when composing. This one is more straightforward, and you need to know when and where to put specific information and your thesis statement on immigrants is good to go. For the success of your paper, strive to achieve this at all times; Chances are your readers are brainy people, and it is for that reason that theyll be looking to craft opinions that might as well be contradicting with yours; your duty is to ensure that they suppressed and only yours that should stand out Answer all the readers questions effectively. Do not dare give room for doubt in your writing as it will bring your paper down! Conclusion Your worries are now no more. Having told you all that is to know, its now up to you to make it count. Remember, a strong thesis about immigrants should be independent enough to link the ideas and stance you settle for in a much convincing way that will persuade your readers into appreciating your angle of view. Keep in mind that your information sources also matter the most. Be it either a primary or secondary source of information. It ought to have been credited as a substantial source that can be relied on and youll probably be on your way to being a professional thesis statement writer. Are you having trouble with composing a thesis statement? Whats your biggest challenge?

Film and fashions essays

Film and fashions essays Very often, we come across persons trying to imitate their favorite star, be it in actions or in apparels. It cannot be denied that our viewers, especially those who are conscious about their outlook in dresses, are crazy for new films. When such about persons talk among themselves, that can freely and comment on who wore what and where in which sequence of a particular film. Variety has always attracted mans attention. A new dress on the screen cannot go unnoticed. The impression sets on the minds of the fashions conscious people. Their next step is to hunt for the similar dress in boutiques and major fashion joints or visit the tailor to get dress stitched. The general appeal is that what looked gaudy and attractive on the screen will surely look good on them. Mind it! It is not necessary that they look as appealing as the star wearing that dress. If we watched our old times movies we can notice that fashions repeat to a certain extent with a little alternation here and there. Te comes a time when a tradition outfit gets the importance of being la mode. Even hairstyles are not left behind. Our stars are trendsetters, and all the fans are the followers. Like films, fashions have no set rules. Take any new film, the directors or the producers concept is new. Wear anything different to set spark a blaze and thats fashion! The world of films and fashions are so interlinked that it is not possible to say that they do not influence each other. Fashions from the West are put forth in our Indian films and the attractive and the attentive viewers create the wave. Here fashions influence the dress designers will to make his star wear a particular dress. Film makers need fashions up-to-date to give audience a variety to select from and the fashion makers look forward to the films to give them new ideas. Thus, films and fashions are inter-dependent. It is maze that has neither the beginning n ...

Why Racism in Health Care Is Still a Problem Today

Why Racism in Health Care Is Still a Problem Today Eugenics, segregated hospitals and the  Tuskegee Syphilis Study  exemplify how pervasive racism in health care once was. But even today, racial bias continues to be a factor in medicine.   While racial minorities are no longer unknowingly used as guinea pigs for medical research or denied entry into hospitals because of their skin color, studies have found that they don’t receive the same standard of care as their white counterparts. Lack of diversity training in health care and poor cross-cultural communication between doctors and patients are some of the reasons why medical racism persists. Unconscious Racial Biases Racism continues to affect health  care because many physicians remain unaware of their unconscious racial biases, according to a study published in the American Journal of Public Health in March 2012. The study found that a staggering two-thirds of doctors exhibited racial bias towards patients. The researchers determined this by asking doctors to complete the Implicit Association Test, a computerized assessment that calculates how fast test subjects associate people from different races with positive or negative terms. Those who link people of a certain race with positive terms more quickly are said to favor that race. The doctors who participated in the study were also asked to associate racial groups with terms that signal medical compliance. Researchers found that the doctors exhibited a moderate anti-black bias and thought of their white patients as more likely to be â€Å"compliant.† Forty-eight percent of the health professionals were white, 22 percent were black and 30 percent were Asian. The non-black health care professionals exhibited more pro-white bias, while black health care professionals did not exhibit bias in favor or against any group. The outcome of the study was especially surprising, given that the doctors who participated served in inner city Baltimore and were interested in serving underprivileged communities, according to lead author, Dr. Lisa Cooper of the John Hopkins University School of Medicine. Beforehand, the physicians failed to recognize that they preferred white patients to black ones. â€Å"It’s hard to change subconscious attitudes, but we can change how we behave once we are made aware of them,† Cooper says. â€Å"Researchers, educators and health professionals need to work together on ways to reduce the negative influences of these attitudes on behaviors in health care.† Poor Communication Racial biases in health care also influence the way doctors communicate with their patients of color. Cooper says that doctors with racial biases tend to lecture black patients, speak more slowly to them and make their office visits longer. Doctors who behaved in such ways typically made patients feel less informed about their health care. Researchers determined this because the study also included an analysis of recordings of visits between 40 health care professionals and 269 patients from January 2002 to August 2006. Patients filled out a survey about their medical visits after meeting with doctors. Poor communication between doctors and patients can result in patients canceling follow up visits because they feel less trust in their physicians. Doctors who dominate conversations with patients also run the risk of making patients feel as if they don’t care about their emotional and mental needs. Fewer Treatment Options Bias in medicine may also lead physicians to inadequately manage the pain of minority patients. A number of studies have shown that doctors are reluctant to give black patients strong doses of pain medication. A University of Washington study released in 2012 found that pediatricians who exhibited a pro-white bias were more inclined to give black patients who’d undergone surgical procedures ibuprofen instead of the more potent drug oxycodone. Additional studies found that physicians were less likely to monitor the pain of black children with sickle cell anemia or to give black men visiting emergency rooms with chest pain complaints diagnostic tests such as cardiac monitoring and chest X-rays. A 2010 University of Michigan Health study even found that black patients referred to pain clinics received roughly half the amount of drugs that white patients received. Collectively, these studies indicate that racial bias in medicine continues to affect the quality of care minority patients obtain. Lack of Diversity Training Medical racism won’t disappear unless doctors receive the training necessary to treat a wide range of patients. In his book, Black Blue: The Origins and Consequences of Medical Racism, Dr. John M. Hoberman, chair of Germanic studies at the University of Texas at Austin, says that racial bias persists in medicine because medical schools don’t teach students about the history of medical racism or give them appropriate diversity training. Hoberman told the Murietta Daily Journal that medical schools must develop race relations programs if medical racism is to cease. Such training is vital because doctors, as studies reveal, aren’t immune to racism. But it’s unlikely that physicians will confront their biases if medical schools and institutions don’t require them to do so.

The Dangers Of Cell Phones For Human Health Essay

The Dangers Of Cell Phones For Human Health - Essay Example Supporters of cell phones say that cell phones provide us with a number of facilities, such as ease of communication, neighborhood crime watch, use in emergencies, and use as reminders. However, there also exist some risks regarding the use of cell phones. Some of the risks include road accidents, increased number of crimes, and weakening of eardrums. Today, almost every person keeps a cell phone in the car while traveling because a cell phone has become one of the major necessities of life. Use of cell phone while driving may result in slower braking reactions, slower reactions to traffic signals, and difficulties in making quick decisions. If we compare the ratio of road accidents that used to occur in a year before the 2000s with today, we come to know that the ratio of road accidents due to use of cell phones during driving has been increased by 75 to 80 percent approximately. â€Å"In a study done in April 2006, it was found that 80% of car crashes involved the driver not paying attention right before the accident† (Russell). The reason is that cell phones distract the driver’s attention, which results in road accidents. â€Å"According to several resources, every year, about 21% critical vehicle crashes happen due to cellphone use and require teens among age party 16 to 19 ages† (He). Supporters of cell phones say that cell phones do not take much attention of the users; rather they make people more responsible as they have to take care of themselves and other people while on road. However, this viewpoint is very illogical because accidents just need a little negligence to occur and that negligence can take place at any stage of cell phone use. Cell phones also create risks for health. Excessive use of cell phones can affect our eardrums and can cause skin cancer as well. Today, a large number of young adults use a hands-free system to hear songs from their cell phones.

Background To Articulation In The Performance Practice Of Bach' Era Essay

Background To Articulation In The Performance Practice Of Bach' Era - Essay Example D. The 'cantabile' style; Bach's enticement, almost persistence, on arriving at a 'cantabile' manner of playing of the collected works both striking and imperative for indicating how Bach himself wished these pieces to be realized auditorily. In luminosity of the serious difficulties facing musicologists employing stylistic examination of ancient music (as opposed to very successful structural analysis), it makes common sense to re-claim the term "style" to pass on to the manner in which works are realized by the musician in performance and to merge it with an aesthetic consideration for what may be termed "stylistically informed performance practice". By and large speaking, aside from JS Bach's keyboard pieces in the French style, his objectives for the auditory realization of his mid-period works on stringed clavier instruments were likely to be in the polished, cosmopolitan (Italian) cantabile style of the time, a style which is well predictable and taught by the music aestheticia n J.J. Quantz in his treatise on playing the flute. E. Rhetoric and the relationship between composer and performer; rhetoric was an elementary material of education and humanist and considered to be the only way of teaching expressions and grammatical both. There were periods in the times gone by of music in which the rhetorical standard, as expressed by Bach, had a comprehensive connotation in terms of music and more importantly for instrumental music; a fact well-known to musicologists these days by way of the theoretical primary sources available. On the other hand, modern-day practitioners, particularly instrumentalists, are not fully aware of the far-reaching gravity of the rhetorical principle and its submission to an important part of the repertoire. The relationship between speech and music, as well as rhetoric and music without a doubt illustrates that both come about over time and are received by the ear. This implies a further commonality between speech and music: both consist of continuous alterations of their elements ( pitch and utterance, respectively), which are syntactically organized. In other expressions, both are systems bottom on symbols that even share common secondary semantic content: repetition, accent, caesura, articulation, range, contrast, extension, dynamics, rhythm, and not lastly the dependence on presentation. F. "Figurae"; Pritz defined two types of figurae that can be used by the singers or at least they should be aware of that; he defines two types of Figurae; one is Simple and other one is compound. Marpurg defines the importance of figurae in such a manner that they should be the part of a rhetoric music. G. "Of itinerary", the separating line between the two camps is rather unclear, since many solemn musicians put a lot of thought into how they play, and often research the chronological background and practices of the works they perform. And scholars inquire about more than mere theoretical correctness in performances. H. This line has become predominantly unclear with the emergence of the Early Music movement, which Modern performers eye with subterranean interest, misgiving, and even a little

Sasa Background Essay Example for Free

Sasa Background Essay Sasa Company has about 240 of retail sale shops and counters in Asia area. Otherwise, in Asia, there have six main markets in Hong Kong, Mainland, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and Macau. Also Sasa Company hired around 4000 employees. It sells more about 600 brands products, include skin-care product, perfume, toiletry, hairlogist, body-care product and beauty nutrition product. t is very popular in Asia because in Sasa there have more choice to give customer to buy, sometimes Sasa also will agent some of the brand for only their company to sell out to attract more customers to buy their products. Sasa’s target customers include young female, lady and family(daily product),man, actually Sasa’s products are suitable for great majority people to use, most of the type for their product is skin-care product, it is useful for children, female and man so Sasa have a large target customers to make this company be more popular in these years. The position that we have selected in Sasa Company is buyer. Buyer is a very important position in a company, it decide what, which product the company will sell in the market so buyer must very clear about what the customers need in the market what type of product will attract more. After to confirm which type or which brand of the product the company should choose, buyer have to talk with the brand company about the authority of agency, include the price, the time-limit, etc.. So buyer must have a good connect skill with people and the sense of responsibility. There have a vacancy in Sasa company because this position’s requests are very high and lots companies are need this position mostly, most the company they have be deficient in buyers, because the candidate must have more experience in similar job in the past so just can handle this job well and truly, also the candidate must have a good language culture to contact with their brand company, have a nice social contact in the related trade.

Narrative- Viola Lesson Essay example -- Personal Narrative Writing

Narrative- Viola Lesson I strolled towards the double glass doors, deliberately kicking at a large, spiky, chestnut pod as I went. It skidded across the concrete and sent three more spike-balls rolling before toppling over the edge of the ramp. Gazing upward through the branches, which were camouflaged by green and brown splotched clumps of large, tear-drop shaped leaves, I could see bits of crisp, blue, autumn sky. I repositioned the strap of my viola case on my shoulder. It's too bad I can't stay out here to enjoy the weather. At that thought, I slowed my walk. Why am I nervous? I'm more prepared for my lesson this week than I have been in a long time. The set of doors now loomed ahead of me, and I tugged one of them open, making my way up to the second floor of the building. I knew there was no reason for me to be nervous, but the butterflies flitting around in my stomach didn't seem to care. As I approached Dr. Sternbern's office, his door came clearly into view--I always enjoyed looking at it. The dark wood could barely be seen beneath the dozens of humorous cartoons pasted all over it. There was even a picture of Dr. Sternbern himself, with a carrot protruding from his mouth, and a sign below asking, "Do you know this man?" I smiled and could feel my anxiety floating away. Poking my head through the door, I spotted him working at his computer. Dr. Sternbern was in his mid-thirties, with dark hair, and a beard, which he had just started growing over the summer. He looked up and smiled a greeting, motioning for me to come in. "So how are you doing, Miss Marie?" "I'm fine," I replied, closing the door and looking for a spot to set my case. The chair where I normally put it was stacked with papers, and there were orc... ...embered something Dr. Sternbern had told me before. He said he had seen lots of students try to excel at too many things. It usually resulted in them being unable to do their best at anything. So, my thoughts continued, I should pick one thing to do my very best at, and then work hard in the other areas with the time and energy I have left. A smile of understanding slowly spread across my face. Through my lessons, Dr. Sternbern had taught me many things about playing the viola, but what I had just begun to understand was, perhaps, of even greater importance. I realized now that this truth, more than any technique, would allow me to reach my goal of playing the viola to the best of my ability. Sighing happily, I tilted my head upward, breathed in the refreshing fall air, and, with a well-aimed, departing kick, sent half a dozen more spike-balls shooting off the ramp.

Paper on the Costs and Benefits of Building Society

At the beginning of this century there were more than 2000 building societies, fiercely independent mutual organisations, formed in the spirit of Victorian self help. There are now just 71. Some of these that have disappeared were terminating societies with a fixed wind up date. The last â€Å"terminating† society was the Fist Salisbury which wound up in 1980. Other societies have been swallowed up in take-overs or converted into banks in the great 1997 demutualisation. This assignment will discuss this trend with particular reference to the potential costs and benefits in the short and long term. This assignment will examine the costs and benefits to the building societies as well as those to the members and staff. The Costs and Benefits to the Building Society Conversion to plc status is seen as having the major advantage that there would be freedom from the limitations imposed by the Building Societies Act 1986, 1997 the statutory framework for the Building Society industry. The restrictions the Act impose include the following: 1) 75% of all lending has to be secured against residential property This means that Building Societies are limited in their participation in the more risky, but more rewarding unsecured lending. At the moment, Societies can make unsecured personal loans up to a limit of  £15,000 per customer, whereas there is no ceiling for Banks. Building Societies with less than  £100m of assets are not permitted to make unsecured loans. 2) No more than 50% of funds may be raised on the wholesale markets This limit was previously 40% before the revised 1997 Building Societies Act. Building societies have eagerly taken the opportunity to raise money in the wholesale markets, which have frequently proved to be the cheapest source of wholesale funds (Wholesale funds are large deposits placed by companies and financial institutions, bearing an interest rate in line with the market rate rather than base rates). They have used these funds to even out any shortfall in the inflow of retail funds to meet the mortgage demand. Banks have no ceiling on raising wholesale funds, which are usually cheaper than retail funds. Building Societies may also find themselves at a disadvantage in access to wholesale funds at competitive rates. As only 50% of funds can be raised from the wholesale market only the very largest societies can maintain the necessary standing in the international capital markets which allows wholesale funds to be tapped on the finest terms. Equally, the capacity to cope with the volatility of the wholesale markets and the risks they pose, requires Treasury management teams on an increasing sophistication to which only the largest societies can aspire. 3) Before the 1997 Act, building societies could only offer temporary or occasional overdrafts to corporate customers. Now building societies can establish subsidiaries to lend to business customers, but have not yet become significant lenders to industry. This is in contrast to banks who are very much regarded as lenders to businesses. As a result of the Building Societies Act 1997, building societies are now also able to : a) make unsecured loans to incorporated businesses; b) to own a general insurance company which could write housing related policies (buildings, contents and mortgage payment protection insurance). Building Societies are limited in raising capital. Until 1991 building societies could only raise capital by means of retained profits. Now larger societies, to increase capital, can issue Permanent Interest Bearing Shares (PIBS). This is in contrast to plc†s who are free to raise capital in the market by issuing shares and bonds if they plan to expand. An example of this is Barclays 1987 rights issue to raise  £921m to finance â€Å"growth†. Building societies cannot in general engage in take-overs of, or mergers with other types of financial institutions in order to expand their breadth of operations, and retain their mutual status. Banks have this freedom and can finance mergers and acquisitions through the issue of new shares, whereas building societies can only finance acquisitions with cash. Efficiency is also an issue as a plc – profit making organisation is perceived as having greater efficiency than a mutual organisation. However ‘competition has proved a spur to efficiency at least as effective as the disciplinary effect of a public quotation† (PRIMA). As a result of the break up of the societies cartel arrangements for setting interest rates, the banks have made successful inroads into the mortgage and savings markets and hence competition is today very strong. There are many costs and disadvantages associated with building societies converting to banks including: The new plc will be regulated by the Bank of England, rather than the building societies commission. The plc will operate under the Banking Act 1987, compared to the Building Societies Act 1987, 1997. The plc may find it difficult and time consuming, at least initially, to deal with the new method of regulation. The Government†s planned new super regulatory body may also provided further legislation that has to be adhered to. 2) Need to pay out dividends and ability and pay competitive interest The plc will find itself under pressure to pay out growing dividends to shareholders. This reduces retained earnings, thereby reducing the plc†s ability to pay competitive interest rates. In the past building societies have been able to operate on a narrower margin than banks between their rates to the depositors and borrowers because: a) their low management cost (due to their less complicated specialist business); b) no requirements to pay dividends; c) low capital requirements due to the low risk nature of their assets; d) because the banks tended to subsidise their money transmission service by their deposit accounts, which lessens their ability to compete in the savings market. 3) The plc becomes open to possible take-over bids The change of status may have adverse effects on the institution†s image with customers. This may adversely affect its ability to compete with Building Societies. Building Societies are generally regarded as friendly institutions, concerned first and foremost with the customer. A comprehensive study of public perceptions of different financial institutions conducted in 1987 showed that building societies enjoy a positive rating of 85%, compared with only 51% for the high street banks (Personal Finance & The Future of the Financial High Street, Research Associates, March 1988). Building societies have traditionally been seen as a safe depository for the savings of working people. Building Societies are safe and a principal reason why is that mutuality has restricted them to safe, low risk activities. This safety and friendliness have strong customer appeals, which may be lost if conversion to plc status takes place. In general building societies have low levels of bad debt relative to banks. The lower levels of bad debt can be put down to the loaning restrictions set down by the Building Societies Act 1986, 1997 (e.g. 75% of loans must be secured against residential property). In 1997 a number of building societies decided to give up their mutual status in favour of plc status. These conversions and take-overs resulted in a number of windfall payments to society members. These windfalls were in the form of cash or free shares. The size of windfall varies from society to society, but investors due to receive windfalls from all the building societies that surrendered their mutual status during 1997 (Halifax, Northern Rock, Alliance & Leicester, Woolwich, Bristol & West) can expect shares worth an average total of about  £6,000 (IC vol. 120/1524 page 34). This is clearly a short term benefit to members but it is argued that as plc†s these former mutuals will in the long term not be able to offer such attractive interest rates for borrowers and savers. Christopher Rodrigues, Chief Executive of the Bradford & Bingley argues â€Å"The one off benefit of plc conversion is here today, gone tomorrow. The higher savings rates and lower loan rates of mutuality are for life not just for flotation day†. Mr Rodrigues points out mutuals don†t have to consider the demands of shareholders – particularly for high dividends or share price growth so profits can go to members – via better interest rates on savings accounts for example. Which?, the respected ‘Consumers† Association magazine has also criticised these conversions and claims the new banks will be forced to squeeze customers for maximum profitability. Which? Argues that mutuals offer better interest rates for savers and borrowers. This case of mutuals offering better rates is hard to prove in practice as there are so many financial intermediaries, products, min balances and interest rates available. For example, the Which? Report only examined two products over a narrow period of time. Most of their mortgage research is based only on the 12 months to March 1997, a period when the converting societies knew they could get away with charging windfall seeking customers more than their rivals. Over the longer term Money Facts, a savings rate specialist, claims mutuals record in savings rate best buy tables is poor. Each year Money Facts publishes details of how much money you would have if you had invested with each of the 90 or so Tessa providers 5 years previously. Just one of the five largest mutual building societies made it into the top 25 Tessa providers. The same was true last year. A quick look at the mortgage market tells a similar story. Research conducted by myself paints a similar picture. Investors Chronicle, a weekly investment magazine published by the Financial Times, carries a weekly updated table of highest deposit rates (Appendix 1). As at 29 January 1998 out of 36 financial intermediaries listed on this table offering the best deals on various products (e.g. Tessa, Instant Access up to  £2500) only 13 of them are mutual. In recent months, there has been a rush of new entrants to the banking arena that offer better deals than the mutuals and established high street banks. Insurer, Legal & General (60 Day Notice Minimum  £2500 7.65%) and supermarket, Safeway (Instant Access Minimum  £1000 7.3%) (Appendix 1), for example, both offer excellent interest rates on savings accounts. Equally, Scottish Widows† mortgage products are very cheap. Even if believed that mutuals offer better savings and mortgage rates it is a long wait for building societies to deliver the same return as there converting counterparts. One case that illustrates this point is a saver that had  £5,000 in an instant access account run by Nationwide – whose members rejected conversion this summer – would earn more money than he would at the Woolwich (see Appendix 2). However even if you were a non taxpayer, it would take more than 50 years to make  £1500 (Woolwich windfall approx.  £2000) extra in interest payments. The lure of the mutual building societies is not so compelling as it is often presented. Some building societies have recognised that they need some sort of scheme with which they can compete with the attractions of windfall bonuses. The Nationwide, Bradford & Bingley and Yorkshire have all announced cash back schemes where members will get a larger slice of the profits in the form of better interest rates. The Britannia has actually paid cash bonuses worth  £35m to members. However the average payout to members was  £35. Another aspect of consideration is the treatment the customer receives. Mutuals almost always beat banks in surveys on customer friendliness. Building societies staff are perceived by customers, according to market research, as more friendly, more pleasant and more interested in their jobs than those of banks and other financial institutions. (PRIMA). Many building societies have branches in estate agents in small communities. These branches are not usually prolifically profitable, but provide a valid service to the community. As plc†s are profit making organisations there is a trend that community branches are closed after conversion. The Abbey National, for example, closed 1000 community branches after conversion and all 200 of National & Provincial†s when it took it over. This is a great cost to those who live in these communities. Many are old people who are now faced with travelling long distances to get their money. Plc pay is generally higher than mutual pay for the senior managers of a building society. Peter Birch, Abbey National†s, Chief Executive, pay has increased from  £173,000 pa in 1987 to  £450,000 pa in 1996 and he now owns shares worth  £1.8m. This is in contrast to the Chief Executive of Halifax who†s pay did not increase by anywhere as much and was unable to receive share options. There is a clear benefit to the senior mangers of a converted building society, but in the long run they are also more open to being removed by discontented shareholders or a take-over. Share options are believed to produce more motivated and committed staff. In conclusion there are potentially more benefits to the Building Society than costs. The major benefit being the escaping from the limitations imposed by the BSA. The Building Societies Act 1986, 1997 excluded building societies from potentially more profitable, if riskier business. The regulatory constraints on a plc are less onerous than those on a mutual basis therefore although banks are subject to continuous Bank of England supervision, the basic limitations are the scope of company articles of association whereas building societies must comply with highly specific requirements of the Building Societies Act 1986, 1997 on such matters as the permitted proportions of wholesale funding, unsecured lending and advances by class of asset. In general, members also have potentially more benefits than costs. In the short-term members of converting societies have the benefit of windfall payments. In the long run it is claimed that members will lose out in less competitive interest rates, however this is very hard to prove. Even if it can be proved, the savings and mortgage rates offered by the mutuals will only be marginally better than those offered by the non-mutuals. It will take years to earn the equivalent of a windfall bonus from a mutual in the form of better interest. Some people urge others to think about the next generation and that one day there will be no mutuals left, but at present most of the best rates are offered by the new entrants to the banking arena (e.g. Safeway). Any member who retained their membership of a converted society through retaining their share allocation, at present would be benefiting even more. The reason for this is that the share prices are higher today than when the societies floated. Secondly as this is being written the Woolwich as part of it†s maiden full year results announced a â€Å"fresh  £100m windfall for Woolwich investors. A 6.5p special dividend added to the total year dividend of 9.5p will put  £105 in the pockets of hundreds of thousands of former Woolwich members who received the average windfall package of 657 shares. The Woolwich will also seek authority to return a further 100m to 200m of excess capital to share holders later this year in share buy backs. There is a clear cost to those members who relied on a community branch, however have these usually retired people examined the alternative technology available (e.g. telephone banking, cheques, debit cards etc.). Staff (particularly senior management) will benefit as a plc is able to offer share options which are believed to produce more motivated and committed staff. Senior management will also usually have greater increases in pay. These people are not ‘FAT CATS† they do a complex job and are paid the going market rate. In the long run senior managers of a plc are easier to remove from the company if their performance is poor. All in all the benefits of conversion outweigh the costs. This is true for all the interested parties, i.e. the building society, the members and the staff.

Human Impacts on the Sustainability of Groundwater Essay

The purpose of this lab is to show the sustainability of groundwater, if human development continues, at the same rate it has been, over the last few decades. Over the last 50 years our water demand has tripled, which is causing water tables all over the world to fail, and when these aquifers are depleted, worldwide food production will fall. I have looked over the data provided, and have come to the conclusion, that if we do not control our population, we will likely experience worldwide famine, maybe even have it as the catalyst for the next world war. Data collected from the M.U.S.E. in the virtual classroom, located at cut online, also researched on the internet, from the Google search bar, Nairaland forum, and WOA. Documentation, from these resources, and research, written in the following paragraphs. Stated in a 2009 report, that if the world population reached 7.5 billion, by 2020, 1.8 billion people, would be living in regions with extreme water scarcity. In a current report  as of December 1, 2014, our global population, has already reached over 7 billion, and futuristically, Africa is the only nation that is capable of self-sustaining. The Americans, Chinese, and Europeans, aspire to live a certain life style that will ultimately end in a survival of the fittest.  Several studies show that earth is currently capable of sustaining about 2 billion, at half the recourses, we currently consume. Each American, consumes about 20 acres, of biologically productive land, so if the worlds 7 billion people, consumed that of the average American, we would need about 5 earth’s resources, to be sustained. Obviously Earths 29.6 billion acres of biologically productive land, and water, support about 1.5 billion people. So we need to reduce the population by 80 %, or reduce our consumption by over 50%, and realistically, neither one is going to happen anytime soon. Which leaves our grandchildren, and so on, in serious risk of a grave global catastrophe? Resources: Politics,Lagbaja, taken from web address http://www.nairaland.com/2022950/current-world-population-three-time, on 1/05/2015 WOA!! Taken from web address http://www.overpopulation.org/water.html on 01/06/2015

Patients and Cancer Essays

Patients and Cancer Essays Patients and Cancer Essay Patients and Cancer Essay This paper explores different peer-reviewed articles that attempts to shed some light on the phenomenon of the lived experience of patients with cancer; supporting the fact that individuality is a huge factor in the care of cancer patients. Manu types of cancers exist and patients should be treated as individuals versus as a disease or diagnosis. As oncology nurses we accumulate knowledge on a daily basis that may be revised in practice. Therefore, it becomes our innate duty to visit the literature and gain the understanding and evidence that will help us in improving our practice of nursing. The articles, however, vary in the type of cancer with different treatment modalities and the collection methods but have the commonality of all participants being diagnosed with Cancer. The findings showed that patients have many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs among others but exercise hope when family support is present. These shortcomings or gaps in knowledge can alter how care is received and administered. We as nurses, have a lot of work to do in assisting patients feel more individualized with the diagnosis of Cancer. Each day in practice we meet new patients and see old ones and we may see them smile or get sad or display other emotions but as nurses do not take enough time to find out what our patients face and how they handle their diagnoses of cancer. As nurses we get so wrapped up in our daily tasks. Cancer is an experience that can threaten not only the end of one’s life, but also touch all aspects of the person’s existence, making it significant to them and if it is significant to them then it should also be the same to us. Cancer also imposes so many burdens on patients, families and the society at large. So large that it is labeled the silent killer and will overtake disease as top killer by the end of 2010 (foxnews. com). I chose this topic because I realize the gap in knowledge and communication between what happens to patients between diagnoses, treatment and discharge, up to the time they return for follow -up cycles to the time they may hear that the cancer has either metastasis or have been cured (in remission). Just knowing that your life will change is significant enough. We, as nurses are first line in the patient care area. The Doctor walks in and tells the patient that they have cancer and then walk out and the nurse is faced with the aftermath, the questions and the emotions that follow. The nurse is also the one that administers the chemotherapy and various radiation treatments and again is faced with questions and emotions. At discharge the nurse again becomes the one that is faced with questions and emotions. It may not be possible to answer all the questions and for the ones that we are not sure of, we can refer or ask the doctor to explain but having the knowledge of what it may be like for these cancer patients can help with how we approach these questions and the treatment options. Having this knowledge can help in terms of support, teaching, prevention and alleviation of suffering, enabling us to give more culturally congruent care. Literature Review In Arber et al. s (2008) article on the lived experience of patients with pleural mesothelioma it was found that these patients had many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs and that there was a lack of information provided to patients . A feeling of isolation was also reported. All patients and care givers experienced frustration due to the physical experience (Arber et al. , 2008). It was showed that these patients wanted to tell their stories and wanted people to listen. The methodology was phenomenology which was appropriate for th e study with unstructured interview questions allowing for participants to speak their mind and their experiences. As nurses sometimes we are unsure of what to say for fear of saying the wrong thing. There was also evidence of loss of intimacy with partners. Macmillan Cancer support (2006) states that four out of ten couples where one partner has cancer report sexual problems (Arber et al. , 2008). The study was done only on patients with mesothelioma and was very small making it hard to generalize to other cancer areas. The patients and families were only from a specialist palliative community center assuming that these patients had incurable mesothelioma. Benzein et al. , (2005) studied cancer in palliative care in home care and made hope the center of the study. The findings showed that the participants used hope to live as normally as possible. The meaning of the experience of hope seemed to be a will to live for a while longer (Benzein et al. , 2005). The structural analysis revealed the hope of being cured, a hope of living as normally as possible, a presence of confirmative relationships and reconciliation with life and death. The commonality between this article and Arber et al. , 2008 is that these cancers were incurable, however in this article the study group was a mix of males and females ages 54-83 with a median age of 65. The previous article failed to reveal the ages of the participants, making it difficult to impact practice. The other difference is that the latter was done in the patient’s own homes while the study on patients with mesothelioma was done in a different setting that may influence the outcome. Being surrounded by loved ones in the home setting would allow the patient to feel more human, than being in a hospital setting where they are just another patient and loved ones may not be able to visit at lib, which in the end has a negative impact on recovery. Demir et al. , (2008) in their quest to understand the experience of breast cancer survivors that underwent biopsies used a phenomenological approach to reveal three themes that were evident among participants, namely, the need for information, fear and spiritual needs. The study also suggests that results may be different considering different emotional investments in their breasts, sociocultural factors and age. The study was a very small group of twenty with the interviews being held in an unused room outside the clinic before the patients postoperative visits. Having the interviews on postoperative days may further aggravate feelings of fear that could invalidate the study. When compared to the study done by Perreault et al. , (2005) similarities were evident as participants exhibited fear and uncertainty. This study studied women with breast cancer and examined their experiences. Both studies used the interpretative phenomenological approach to gain insights. What this study included that would help with validity that Demir et al. , (2008) did not include was the staging. The staging of the cancer can have a great impact on the emotions and fear and response to experience. This sample size was only six person who lowered the reliability and generalizability. Lacey, (2005), researched breast cancer and support aides revealed that participants were identified as being too overwhelmed and stressed to make decisions about their care. They trusted their physicians to make the appropriate choices and appreciated and welcomed the support of family members. They also expressed hope. These same sentiments were echoed somewhat in Demir et al. , (2008) and Perreault et al. , (2005). All 3 studies involved breast cancer and the study method was the same and even though the same size and ages may have varied, it may prove to offer some insight as to what these women face adding to the validity. All 3 papers also suggest that more research may be necessary to facilitate the different decision- making and emotional abilities. The definite commonality expressed and assumed mong all these articles so far is the need for information especially at different stages. Molen, (2000) study sought to identify the different information needed for people with cancer. Adequate, appropriate and timely information can be a key element for many people in managing the experience of cancer. Different themes emerged from the research. There w as a deficit in information regarding self-identity, body image, and family, social and work relationships. A cancer diagnoses impacts all areas of an individual’s life, and life management information is equally as important as medical information. Molen, 2000). Cancer was viewed as an intrusion and illness engendered feelings of vulnerability that impacted on their normal coping mechanisms. This research had six participants all with different types of cancer with ages ranging from 45 to 65. The end results showed feelings and questions received on a daily basis but the sample size was so small and the age range was so limited that may lessen the reliability. However, further research may be needed to identify the different ages when information becomes such a deciding factor or the processing of information since all the participants were older. Similarly, information needs proved to be a big part of the equation as evidenced in another research study done by Molen (2005). However the type of information, the amount and to what depth varied considerably between individuals proving that information needs are unlikely to remain static and consequently, will change throughout the cancer experience. The literature highlights the importance of information giving, however; many problems are encountered with its provision. People with cancer frequently express dissatisfaction with the information given to them and experience difficulty in retaining and processing information. The cancer experience invariably begins before the point of diagnoses and information needs clearly change over time. (Molen 2005) Jones et al. , (2006) in researching the lived experience showed similarity with the Molen, (2000) themes that emerged from the different stories including changing concepts of self, the significant of relationships, being different from the past and temporality. These patients were bone marrow transplant candidates who were experiencing a mountain of emotions that they believed were affecting them negatively. From their stories it was clear that all participants underwent many physical and emotional changes. Taking it to a different level Meenaghan et al. , (2010) researched elderly patients and their lived experience and concluded that all participants experienced fear and shock at diagnoses but also experienced hope despite their age. With good support from family and friends participants exhibited hope and revealed that they learned to cope with the diagnoses and its treatments. As expressed in Perreault et al. (2005), the same fear and uncertainty was revealed and the same method of data collection and interview was used. Walker et al. , (2009) attempted to understand the lived experience of cancer patients undergoing photodynamic therapy. Analysis of the data yielded six themes, the impact on day –to- day life, existential meaning, the physical effects of treatment, and the kaleidoscope of emotions, information gap and family burden. This article summarizes all the feelings ex pressed by all the previously reviewed articles. If not all a least one of the articles expressed the same feelings which leads nurses to believe that these are the expected emotions, fears and expressions that can be experienced and that we all should be mindful of the factors that to suffering and the nursing interventions that can be used to address these multiple dimensions of suffering. All these studies used the phenomenological approach which is appropriate and if not the interpretative design the descriptive. Sample sizes and ages vary but the information and end results remained the same or close to the same throughout this literature review.

8 of the best apps for college students

8 of the best apps for college students College can be very stressful- especially if you’re on your own for the first time. There’s suddenly so much you have to figure out that you never had to worry about before. But you can make things much easier on yourself with the help of your smartphone and a few app downloads. Here are 10 of the best apps out there for navigating your college experience with confidence.1. Amazon MobileMaybe you don’t have a car. Or maybe your college town might not be the shopping mecca you envisioned. Or, let’s be honest, maybe you’re just lazy. Bottom line: you food, supplies, books, and toiletries- and you need it all delivered to your door. The Amazon app is free and lets you browse for and buy just about anything you could need. Bonus points if you sign up for Prime Student and get free two-day shipping and other perks.2. MintLearn how to manage your money like the grownup you’ve become. Mint is a free app that lets you view all of your finances and ba nk accounts in one easy place. Separate by category to see where your cash is going, and use that knowledge to create a budget that works for your life.3. iHomework 2You have papers, readings, and tests coming at you from every direction, with no parent breathing down your back to get things done. Keep track of all of your assignments, exam schedules, and coursework with this app, which helps you map out everything school-related. You can even set yourself notification alarms for upcoming deadlines.4. Google DriveNever get stuck away from your main desk without your files again. Take notes in class, then access your notes from another computer at anytime. Write your paper at home, and then pull it up on your friend’s laptop. Never worry about not having everything you need handy and stored in the Cloud again. Google Drive free and sign-up is automatic if you use your Gmail account.5. TodoistNeed a good to-do list app that isn’t too overwhelming and just lists all your tasks in one handy place? Track everything going on in your life, school-related and beyond- even doctor’s appointments or bills you need to pay. Why write your tasks on a board in your room when you can carry it in your pocket to reference all day?6. DropboxHere’s another app that will ensure you never are more than a click away from important documents. Save things in Dropbox, and they’re accessible from any device- even your phone. Don’t lose important data or documents again.7. FeedlyOverwhelmed by all the news you’re getting from multiple sources and apps? Use Feedly to aggregate the publications, blogs, YouTube channels, and other sites you follow, so you can see at a glance what’s new and keep up with news and updates from your favorite sites.8. EasyBibNo idea how to format your works cited list? Never fear. EasyBib will give you the right citation for whatever book you’re quoting from and it will tailor it for whatever citatio n style you need.

Research Paper Prospectus on the Economic and Financial Impact of the Proposal

Paper Prospectus on the Economic and Financial Impact of the Gulf Oil Spil - Research Proposal Example The world’s most sophisticated drill rigs, known as The Deepwater Horizon, was degraded to a mass of burnt metal in a split of seconds (Peppas, 2011). The rising demand for oil over the years meant that companies were drilling even deeper into the sea in an attempt to drill more oil. The oil spill occurred at a time when the industry was least expecting it; industry experts has speculated that the chance of an explosion was less than one percent (McCoy & Salerno, 2011). However, the incident painted an entirely different picture; thousands of individuals were cleaning up the oil spill, with thousands of devices screening the blowout. Discoverer Enterprise, the drill ship, howled loudly as it vent out methane gas that shot from the runway well (Peppas, 2011). Another rig, Q4, 000 which burnt oil and gas, simultaneously exploded (Peppas, 2011). What made matters worse was that the waters of the gulf were very difficult to reach; the terrain is very rough marked by canyons, ridge s and volcanoes (Farrell, 2011). The deposits lay buried under the salt ridges under the sea that were vulnerable to earthquakes. Furthermore, the temperatures underwater were freezing whereas the temperature of oil reservoirs was around 400 degrees (Upton, 2011). Economic concepts/approaches to be used in the research The economic concepts/ approaches to be involved are as follows: The concept of negative externalities: This concept explains the impact of individuals and/or corporations on a third-party (Hackett & Moore, 2011). They can be negative or positive; however, in this situation the externalities are likely to be negative rather than positive. Negative externalities shall revolve around the following : Damage to marine life Damage to local fishermen Damage to the coastal area’s economy Damage to U.S’s exports Damage to locals who inhale the toxic fumes Damage to individuals who consume the contaminated seafood Cost Benefit analysis of the clean up: This conce pt shall arise when the company involved decides to arrange for a cleanup of the oil spill as well as compensate the families of the deceased or affected people. BP shall have to weigh the private versus social costs and benefits associated with the remedies it take which shall be explored in the main research. As economic theory suggests the decision that BP takes may not be socially desirable because of corporations’ self-interest and focus on maximizing private net benefits rather than maximizing social net benefits (Ramseur & Ramseur, 2010). Expected findings/outcomes The findings expected are: Increasing unemployment- What shall be the impact on businesses whose earnings were tied to the Gulf of Mexico? Increasing government deficits in the region- What shall be the impact on fishermen who no longer have a source of income? Increase in national deficit- The deficit is expected to exceeding $2 million (Landau, 2011) Inflation in prices of agricultural products Higher taxe s- Politicians can use this opportunity to charge higher taxes on an already troubled population Ecological damage to Louisiana coast Damage to marine life- Oil has swept deep into the sand which is the breeding ground for most fruits and vegetables. If the oil isn’t cleaned up it can lead to intoxicated vegetables and fruits that can contaminate human life. Also toxic fumes have penetrated deep into the sea bed that can harm marine life, including fishes, disturbing their entire ecological system

GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GDP - Essay Example As per the UN system, presentation of statistical record of GDP is the basic requirement for receiving financial loan or World Bank aid. The positive change in the GDP level, after consuming such loan is an indication that the financial aid has really helped the country. Around a few decades back, the military might was an indicator that displayed the country’s superiority and well-being perfection. However, now it is the economic independence and power, which has taken this place. Hence, an administrator or chief executive of any country is judged by the change in GDP levels that the person could manage, while heading the affairs of the country. During 1930s and 1940s, Gross National Product (GNP) became the tool to measure the country’s progress and prosperity level. GDP has carried this legacy to measure the nation’s living standard in terms of Gross Domestic Product. GDP is a good tool to analyze any country’s output and consumption data. This gives an indication of the goods produced in that country along with the rate of consumption of these goods by the people of specific country. However, this measurement was more accurate during the days when different nations had closed economy. With globalization, the world trade has received new boost, which encourages almost all nations to throw open its economy. This has resulted in synchronization of world economies. Hence, GDP can now be seen as a tool that measures economic prosperity of any nation in terms of change in the volume of trade conducted by the country within a specific period. However, GDP does not take into consideration the amount of domestic work for calculating the figures. The early inventors of GDP like Simon Kuznets and John Maynard Keynes did not take into account the amount of work done for doing different domestic chores like dish washing or laundry and

Desktop Publishing for Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Desktop Publishing for Business - Assignment Example The sub-headings to be included, the topics that require to be covered extensively and the ones to be glossed over, have all got to be taken into consideration. DTP offers a lot more flexibility for a person while creating printed materials but the new age student still needs to grasp the importance of learning how to utilise and understand basics of design principle elements like space , texture, value, balance so that he/she can create an effective design layout. Design Principles: What is a design? A design can be said to be â€Å"a plan for arranging elements in such a way as to best accomplish a particular purpose† (Faimon & Weigand 2004: 13). A design is a creation of elements such as line, shape, colour, value and texture and is integrated with principles such as unity, variety, emphasis, balance and scale making it a design principle as a whole. Only when there is a proper integration of both design and principle, we can call it a successful design principle. The desig n principle can be said to be a form of communication through visual means. To communicate effectively, we have to use precise and correct language and likewise in visual communication, the designs we use will determine the efficacy of our communication. An examination of the individual components that make up the design principle in the given brochure, which include balance, white space, contrast, repetition, alignment and proximity reveals balance, in terms of design implies a distribution in visual weight of objects, colours, texture, and space. If we could arrange the designs on a linear scale, then both sides would have to be balance to make the design look and feel stable and if we arrange the design radially, then also the elements are arranged around a central point and may be similar. The rule of thirds is another interesting mode of presentation but looks to be more confusing to a layman when compared to the symmetrical and the asymmetrical mode of presentation. The white space is the empty space left between words or in margins. It is the absence of text and graphics. It can help to follow a layout easily, highlight a certain element or help rest the eyes. All the elements of white space have been very effectively portrayed in the BMW brochure and the best way to utilize it has also been communicated. Avoiding rivers of white space and claustrophobic presentation makes the point clear that a design element has to remain uncluttered to be effective and eye-catching. Contrast forms the crux to a dynamic design, which creates visual interest and enhances the organization and hierarchy of your content. Contrast involves making two or more elements very different (e.g. heading and text). The contrasts shown in the brochure proves weak and the effectiveness could have been better if bright colours were used instead of just black and white images. Black and white does create contrast but all the images look repetitive and uninteresting. â€Å"Repetition w orks with pattern to make the artwork seem active† (Principles of Design 2011: 1). Whenever the elements of a design are repeated, the elements of design create symmetry and unity within the artwork. Repeating certain visual elements of the design throughout, improves visual impact, consistency, and strengthens

Activity Based Costing (ABC) Advantages and Disadvantages

Activity Based Costing (ABC) Advantages and Disadvantages Activity Based Costing which is popularly known as ABC system has been considered as an economic map of an organizations expenses and profitability based on organizational activities according to Kaplan R; and Cooper R. An activity is an event, task or unit of work with a specified purpose, for instance, designing a product, setting up machines, operating machines, and distributing products; by Horngren, Foster, Datar. According to Kaplan R.S Cooper R; ABC system came in the mid-1980s to meet the need for accurate information required by managers about cost of resources demanded by individual products, services and customers. It emerged as competition moved from local to global and from the efficient use of direct labour and machines. Absorption Costing also known as full costing is a traditional costing system developed in the 1900s, by which overheads incurred within a period were absorbed into the products by Kilgour D. The traditional absorption costing was introduced at a time when technology was simpler, competition was local, products were standard and not customised products and services, speed, quality and performance were not measurement for success in reference to Kaplan R.S Cooper R. Importance of Absorption Costing System or Activity Based Costing: According to Horngren, Foster Datar, the importance of a costing system should depend on whether the company is producing one type of product and therefore could allocate all overhead costs using one cost pool and one cost rate or whether the company is producing different kind of products and therefore need a system which could enable it apportion the total cost of resources accurately according to their usage of those resources. As companies began to expand and delve into producing variety of products, they began to notice that some products place more demand on their resources than others. It became important to absorb overhead when products which are not the same but required different production processes or jobs which although the use the same facility but at a length of time according to Terry L. To ascertain how to apportion overheads to products or services, traditional absorption costing involves two stages; the first stage is the allocation and apportionment and the second stage is the use of absorption rate to absorb overheads into products. Overhead Allocation: Terry L; overhead allocation is the assignment of all cost incurred to a single cost unit, centre account or time period. Overhead Apportionment: This is a case where the costs incurred could not be identified with only one cost centre therefore the cost is shared between the cost centres using that service, for instance, lighting cost would be shared between all the cost centres using a suitable basis, Terry L. It is important that the basis upon which costs are apportioned are relevant, fair and equitable; Terry L. Overhead Absorption Rate: This is usually calculated at the beginning of a period therefore it is based on budgeted costs and production volumes, AAT units 89. The formula is as follows: Total overheads of cost centre Total number of units of absorption base applicable to cost centre According to Terry L; before calculating absorption rate, the absorption base chosen has to reflect the characteristics of the given cost centre. The basis most commonly used are direct labour hours for a labour intensive cost centre and the machine hour basis usually used where the cost centre is highly mechanised. With exception of the above two basis, other basis include; Direct wages, Direct material, Prime cost and Cost unit. ABC System: Activity Based Costing began in a manufacturing setting but has been more service -oriented than product oriented. Service Industries as much as manufacturing industries need ABC system to connect the cost resources they supply to the revenues earned by the individual products and customers serviced by these resources in reference to Horngren, Foster Datar. ABC System has three key features are: (1) With the system all costs used by a product whether variable or fixed in the short-run or overheads(indirect costs)in the long-run are identified by creating cost pools as ABC is focused on long-run variable costs for instance as Terry L; said, costs for supporting activities like stock handling, production scheduling and so on. Cost Pool: Classifying all related costs to a particular activity together according to Terry L. (2) The second feature of ABC system is; An amount of an activity performed in each cost pool is recognised as a basis of allocation for instance, set-up hours as a measure of set up activity. Horngren, Foster, Datar. (3) The third feature is that costs in a cost pool can sometimes be traced directly to products. Horngren, Foster, Datar. The Differences Between Traditional Absorption Costing and Activity Based Costing. The differences between the two costing system are easy to notice. Below are lists of some of them: The traditional absorption costing was introduced at the time when technology was simple, there was only local competition and not global, when products were standard not customised, from Kaplan S.R Cooper R. ABC system emerged at the time when competition had become global and fierce and had shifted from the efficient use of labour hours and machines, by Kaplan S.R Cooper R. The traditional costing uses mostly two allocation bases to allocate overheads to products; direct labour basis for a labour intensive company and the machine hour basis for a highly mechanised company. These two bases would not capture the demand of a particular product on the resources of the organisation. There are no cause and effect relationship to an allocation base with the use of this method, Horngren, Foster, Datar. With ABC system, costs of activities within the organisation are more accurately measured because the cost pools are properly structured with specific activity cost allocation bases which became cost drivers for the cost pool. Cost Driver: factor influencing the level of cost from Terry L. In the traditional absorption system, absorption rates are based on predetermined figures thereby giving rise to under and over absorption of overhead. Under absorption arises when the estimated overhead is less than the actual overhead. Over absorption of overhead arises when the overhead absorbed exceeds the actual overhead ; from AAT Study text units 89. The measurement required to implement ABC system are costly as the system demands that management should estimate costs of activity pool, identify and measure cost drivers for the cost pools to serve as allocation bases; from, Horngren, Foster, Datar. The use of ABC system will require its activity cost rates to be updated regularly and a detailed ABC system consumes time, is difficult to understand and operate, Horngren, Foster Datar. Illustration : As an illustration of the differences between traditional absorption costing and activity based costing,with attention to set up activity, the effect of allocating all overheads using direct labour hours as against an ABC emphasis on individual activities, the name of the company shall be called Z. Z produces two kinds of lenses for an automobile company. The first product is a simple lenses, the second product is called complex lenses. Set ups involves trial runs, fine tuning, adjustments, wrong set-ups cause quality problems such as scratches . Each set-up requires different resources depending on the complexity of the operation. Complex lenses are produced in small batches because the mold has to be cleaned more often. Horngren, Foster Datar. According to Horngren, Foster, Datar, set-up data for simple lens and complex lens are: Simple Complex S3 lens CL5 lens Total (1) Quantity produced 60,000 15,000 (2) Lens per batch 240 50 (3) No of batches (1/2) 250 300 (4) Set-up time per batch 2hours 5hours (5) Total set-up hours (3)*(4) 500hours 1500hours 2000hours Direct manufacturing labour hours 30000hrs 9750hrs 39750hrs Z recognises total cost of set-ups comprising of allocated costs of process engineers, supervisors, set-up equipment of  £300,000. Solution: The table below shows how the set-up costs have been allocated to simple and complex lenses using direct labour hours and setup hours: Setup cost per direct labour hours: (300,000/39750)= £7.54717 Setup cost per setup hours: (300,000/2000)=  £150 Simple Complex Total S3 lens CL5 lens Cost allocated using direct labour hrs:  £7.54717* 30000;  £7.54717*9750  £226,415  £73,585  £300,000 Cost allocated using setup hrs:  £150*500;  £150*1500  £75,000  £225,000  £300,000 Implementing the Activity Based Costing System: The choice of implementing Activity Based Costing depends on the managers after evaluating the advantages and disadvantages, controlling the amount of details required and cost. ABC system enables management to see their existing and predetermined cost of activities and business processes which then equips them with knowledge of the cost and profitability of the various products, services, customers and operating units according to Kaplan S.R, Cooper R. There are several steps the company could take to change the existing costing system. These are: Step 1: List all the activities of the company performed by indirect and support Resources, for instance, material handling, schedule production and so on. Step 2: Find out how much the company is spending on each activity in the company. Step 3: Indentify the companys products, services and customers, Kaplan S.R, Cooper R. Step 4: Charge support overheads by their usage of the activity with emphasis on the Cause-effect relationship. Recommendation: ABC system is recommended since it provides more accurate product Costs. The system has been used successfully in some service industries Such as the Cooperative Banks to identify profitability, product mixes, Improve efficiency and satisfy customers, Horngren, Foster Datar.